The Financial Crisis And The Uk - 865 Words

This essay will talk about how the financial crisis influenced enterprises in the UK and in China. It’s obvious that the financial crisis originated in the United States and it had three major features: high destructive effect, long continuance and wide spreading. Many enterprises are impacted by the financial crisis in terms of imports and exports, unemployment and enterprise competition. In China, small and medium-sized enterprises are very necessary because China is a large population of developing countries, and it is better able to promote the development of national economy. Therefore, China should help small and medium-sized enterprises solve problems. For the UK, the financial services industry is a major industry, if the financial sector can’t operate properly, the British economy will become a failure. Due to the impact of the crisis, Britain also suffered a severe credit crunch. The house market in the UK is quite low. Moreover, under the financial crisis, lo ts of people can’t acquire a job because many enterprises close down. The number of unemployment increase dramatically, therefore the influence of the financial crisis is very serious. It has a severe shock in export in China. The number of exported orders decreased sharply. Between January to August in 2009, China’s foreign trade export 730.74 billion which down 22% year on year. At the same time,general trade import prices fell by 22%, imports increased by 4%, processing prices fell by 6.1% and importsShow MoreRelatedUk Government Responses For The Financial Crisis945 Words   |  4 PagesUK Government Responses to the Financial Crisis UK government was very swift in its response the financial crisis. Various measures were taken to address the economic anomaly that came with the crisis. These range from various monetary policies to fiscal policies. Some of these policies are discussed below: Reduction in interest rate: In March 2009, UK government through Bank of England reduced interest rate from 5.0 % in September 2008 to 0.5 %. Figure 7 below shows UK interest rate level from aRead MoreThe Impact Of Financial Crisis On The Uk Economy1240 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive summary The financial crisis 2007/08 led to the fact that some large financial institutions were under threat to collapse and had to be bailed out by the government to avoid a total meltdown of the financial system. The financial crisis was triggered by a combination of factors; some of them were the lack of regulations and supervision, excessive leverage practice, insufficient liquidity provision and a lack of adequate capital holdings by the banks. This report will focus on two differentRead MoreFinancial Crisis Impact on Uk Government3011 Words   |  13 PagesThe UK government has announced a package of measures aimed at rescuing banking system that makes 400 billion pound. 100 billion pound will be available in short term loans from bank of England on top of an existing loan facility. Banks will have to increases their capital by at least 25 billion pound and borrow from government. An additional 25 billion pound in extra capital will be available in exchange of preference shares. Government described as the root cause of current financial crisisRead MoreEssay on The Financial Crisis and UK Bank Scandals1056 Words   |  5 Pages The Financial Crisis and UK Bank Scandals In September 2007 the UK banking industry began exhibiting symptoms of the financial crisis that started in America in 2006. Northern Rock was in trouble and had to ask the Bank of England for help. When news of this got out customers started queuing around the block to withdraw their money. In 2008 Northern Rock was nationalised, and in 2012 it was bought by Virgin Money. Today the banking industry can be seen to be on the road to recovery. But on thatRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Financial Crisis on the Uk Job Market2471 Words   |  10 PagesThe impact of the financial crisis on the UK job market and employment (2007-2009) Module: PM021-Aspects of British Culture and Society Name: JUN YU WU Student Number: 0908108 Tutor: Jeff Meadowcroft Word Count: 1,970 Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Page 3 2. Global financial crisis (2007-2009)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 3 3. Influence on world job market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 3-4 4. Influence on the UK job market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 4-5 4Read MoreThe Impact of Financial Derivatives Market on the Uk Economy-: Before, During and After the 2008 Financial Crisis2453 Words   |  10 PagesResearch Proposal: 1-Provisional title: The impact of Financial Derivatives market on the UK economy-: Before, during and after the 2008 Financial crisis. 2-Rationale The operations of the derivative market has become a rising concern today in the world and in the UK in particular as this market could destabilize the efficiency of the financial market and the economy at large if not managed properly by its users or if a major fault occurs in the derivative market, as it plays a vital role asRead MoreBanking of Uk1564 Words   |  7 Pages1. The financial crisis of 2007/2008 and its impact on the UK and other economies Do you still feel vague about the causes and the effects of the financial crisis of 2007/8? Are you preparing for a job interview in either the private or public sector? The events of 2007/8 have shaped both the current UK commercial and business scene and are now having a massive effect on the public sector. Similar impacts are being felt across Europe and the wider world. Knowing a bit more about what happenedRead MoreThe Structure, Conduct and Recent Performance of the Uk Banking Sector1105 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Before discussing the structure, conduct and recent performance of the UK banking sector, it is useful to provide an insight in the recent global financial crisis caused by the sub-prime mortgage crisis initiated in the US and underline its effects on the banking industry in the UK. It all started with the collapse of the housing bubble in the US, as borrowers were no longer able to meet their financial obligations and as consequence many of these subprime mortgages became default andRead MoreThe Main Structural Changes Implementation Of The Uk Financial System1708 Words   |  7 Pagesargued that the financial markets in the UK have failed to provide adequate support for industry. Identify the main structural changes implemented in the UK financial system over the last two decades and explain how these changes have affected the supply of funds in the industry. The financial system is defined by Investopedia as the system that enables lenders and borrowers to exchange funds. The global financial system is basically a broader regional system that encompasses all financial institutionsRead MoreIntroduction Of The Bank Of England986 Words   |  4 PagesParliament were subject to introduce by the UK Parliament in order to increase confidence in the banknotes that were in circulation through limiting on the rights of banks in issuing notes. This concept leads to general idea of this paper, which will look at the evolution of output, inflation, the official bank rate set by the Bank of England and government spending in the UK (Greer, 2009). It is fascinating for one to track on how the global financial integration has been evolving for the past century

Sometimes People Are Unable to Control the Directions...

Sometimes people are unable to control the direction their lives take. This can be a hard concept to grasp, but one needs to understand that one cannot control every single detail or event in one’s life, and also cannot possibly predict what will happen in the future. Obstacles of every kind will strike, whether these trials come in the form of day to day hardships, catastrophic natural disasters, or even the fate of the gods. The only thing one can really do is adapt to the new situation and try to move forward. Making decisions can be extremely difficult but one of the worst feelings a person can have is having a decision made for you. Although one may consider these changes in direction to be trivial, in truth they may actually have†¦show more content†¦Truly, human beings are left powerless to control the detrimental effects that Mother Nature has on their lives when a natural disaster hits. Furthermore, no matter how many obstacles or how impossible they may seem, even if against the will of the gods, one must still try to move forward. In Homer’s timeless epic, The Odyssey, theShow MoreRelatedNo Control At All By Jack1264 Words   |  6 PagesThis child, lets call him, Jack. With no control at all, Jack was fortunate enough to be born into high-income country, like New Zealand Then there’s, Jill. With the same amount of control as Jack, he added to the total of 10,368 children born into poverty a day. That’s one child, every 1.2 seconds Jack has a 1 in 165 chance of dying before he’s 5. Jill on the other hand is not so lucky and the odds of him reaching his 5th birthday are 1 in 6. Everyone was born into and are living in circumstancesRead MoreDifference Between Integrated Theory And Holistic Theory1200 Words   |  5 Pagesand delinquency. John Braithwaite’s theory of crime shaming and reintegration is based on a fully integrated model that uses a variety of concepts from multiple disciplines. These multiple disciplines include opportunity theory, subcultural theory, control theory,learning theory, and the labeling theory, and they rely on the notion of differential shaming. opportunity theory Braithwaite noted that their was aspiration and means both legitimate and illegitimate. In criminal delinquency there are lockedRead MoreA Conversation With Real Life Director Harrison Starr1693 Words   |  7 Pageslike he is resigned to the fact that war will always exist. In one passage Vonnegut recounts a conversation with real-life director Harrison Starr. When Vonnegut explained that he was working on an antiwar book, Harrison said â€Å"You know what I say to people when I hear they’re writing anti-war books? ... I say, ‘Why don’t you write an anti-glacier book instead?’†(3). Vonnegut informs the reader that what Harrison meant by these words of course, â€Å"was that there would always be wars, that they were asRead MoreDoctor Assisted Suicide And Suicide1585 Words   |  7 PagesIn most people s lives, they will experience a moment of knowing death is near. Whether it be with a family member or themselves, technology has been able to help society grasp an imminent death. As the human body ages, many people feel pain throughout their body, and sometimes this suffering can seem unbearable. Doctor assisted suicide has been seen as an easier way out, and the ability to end ones life has been debated constantly. When a person has terminal illness and are unable to live life theRead MoreComparing The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Gilman Perkins And The Narrator s Similarities1456 Words   |  6 Pag esGilman Perkins and the Narrator s similarities Women in the eighteenth century were confined by their husbands, and imprisoned in their own homes. Women had no rights to their own lives, or a say so in how to live it. Women at this time struggled for equality, and they were unable to think or live for themselves. If they showed any signs of being unhappy they were condemned by society and their master. In this process many women transcended into severe nervous depression. In the storyRead MoreMarijuana s Active Ingredient Is Tetrahydrocannabinol ( Thc )1189 Words   |  5 Pagestransmitted in one direction. When THC binds to cannabinoids receptors it prevents the refractory period from occurring which results in action potentials constantly being fired and this causes thoughts, thinking and imagination to amplify. Another effect that occurs is that an individual is unable to retain memories. (Intheknowzone.com, 2015) The behavioural changes that occurs when a person takes marijuana is that it impairs judgment and reasoning skills for example individuals that take marijuana onRead MoreSin : The Spiritual Walk Of A Believer1266 Words   |  6 Pageseternity separated completely from Him. He has promised to forgive us of our sins, but only if we take initiative and confess them to Him. Although Jesus died on the cross to pay our debt in full, there are still consequences when we sin against a holy and righteous God, and we don’t ask for repentance. We must acknowledge that unconfessed sin in the life of a believer will damage our ministry, take away our joy in Christ, and ultimately make us feel separated from God. When we are living in sinRead MoreCauses And Symptoms Of Cerebrovascular Accident1465 Words   |  6 Pages Jan, a 72-year-old woman has suffered a cerebrovascular accident. She Lives on her own with her three cats in a second-floor apartment. She is worried about how she will care for them as she recovers from her stroke. Following is information about her condition. What is a cerebrovascular accident? What are the signs and symptoms? What are the pathogenies of the condition? What are the body changes after the CVA? Economic impact cardiovascular disease causes. Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke)Read MorePolity: Political Culture and the Nature of Politics Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagesclaims to have.(Carr, 2007,p.175) At the end of page 174, Carr brings up an explanation of how rules are the reason that things get done in a bureaucratic system. It is the privates that listen to their commanding officers and follow the rules and direction that the commanding officers give them. Once again, this is how things get done. Carr states, â€Å"Like any bureaucracy, the military depends upon the expertise of its commanding officers and the loyalty of its subordinates. Everyone needs to understandRead MoreEssay on Traumatic Brain Injury1393 Words   |  6 Pageseverything that you do. Damaging of the brain can cause permanent effects to you including paralyzation of the human body. It is critical that we try and protect the human brain as much as possible. Brain injuries leave everlasting effects on humans; people need to be aware of what trea tments are used on brain injuries, how they occur, and the importance of the brain. Head injuries are a rapidly growing issue within the United States today. Almost every sport player faces the fact that they may end

Economic Geography Increasingly free essay sample

Economic Geography increasingly rests upon the social, the environmental as well as the economic dimensions of contemporary life. Discuss (1500-2000 words) Economic geography is a broad term which can define many aspects of everyday life, in reference to everyday people, from all types of backgrounds. Economic Geography has to do with things, and services. It concerns not only the people and places that provide them, but the people and places that consume them as well. Economic Geography discusses things as commodities, created for exchange, and the exploitation of the labour invested. It concerns the mediation of exchange amp; pathways which move from production to consumption (from the birth to the death of a product) (Mackinnon and Cumbers, 2007, p. 173-213). In this essay I will talk about many ways in which the above statement can be proved, by using well-known examples to demonstrate my case. With regards to the social dimensions of contemporary life, they make up a big part of Economic Geography. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Geography Increasingly or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many social aspects of economic geography to do with all stages of production of a product, from start to finish. These aspects have to do mainly with (1) workers, and (2) consumers and buyers. Socialisation occurs between workers as they become acquainted with each other, mainly through the communication of business deals. These business deals are vital to ensure that everything runs smoothly. They occur when the journey of a product is being planned and supervised from beginning to end. Take for example the rice crop. It would need a plan of where and how the plant would be grown, how it would be cultivated, prepared for consumption and packaged, as well as transportation to the marketplace. This would all involve work by many people by communicating with one another and making a set plan, so that the product would be able to be sold on the marketplace for the cheapest price with a marginal profit, so as to provide for all the workers along the way. Exploitation can often happen as part of the manufacturing process of a product, whereby a person of authority would exploit a worker to make a better profit for themselves, without thinking of the working/payment conditions that the worker needs. Workers are often forced to work in poor conditions like a complete disregard for health and safety measures, such as little ventilation, cramped working spaces, and working with dangerous equipment without the proper safety precautions being taken. They are often made work long hours while being paid below the minimum wage, which isn’t sufficient for the workers financial needs. Conflict can arise between the employees and employers when the employees stand up for themselves and fight for their rights. The main concern of a business is to make a profit. As a result many workers are inevitably mistreated in the workplace. This conflict between employers and employees leads to many trade unions fighting for the rights of these employees. Fair Trade is an option whereby consumers can pay a slightly higher than average price for a select amount of goods, while the farmers, workers, and manufacturers are paid a fair price for partaking in the production process. There is a set clear minimum and progressive criteria to ensure that the conditions for the production and trade of a product are socially and economically fair and environmentally responsible (http://fairtrade. e). They are given good working conditions, and they are not mistreated by their employers, unlike what happens in some countries. Take for example the banana tree crop. If one buys fair trade bananas, they are contributing to the wellbeing of the farmers who grow and produce the crop, as well as the people who work in the manufacturing process to maintain a superior quality of the product. There are many environmental issues which can be discussed when talking about Economic Geography. An example I will talk about is the story of Love Canal in Niagara, in America. This is a strong example of how one does not need a lot of money to make a huge environmental impact. What happened in Love Canal over the last decade was clearly extremely damaging to the land used and also to the lives of what would be the future inhabitants of the area. Love Canal was a 1 mile long trench that was built in the town of Niagara in the 1890’s. Due to unforeseen economic circumstances the project was cancelled and what was left was a long vacant trench . This was to have a huge impact on the environment around this area, and as a result this influenced many families in the vicinity. In 1920 the city of Niagara used the canal as a landfill and then in 1942, Hooker chemicals used the site for burial of ‘nearly 20,000 tonnes of toxic waste’. ‘The waste was sealed in metal drums in a manner that has since been declared illegal. The canal was then filled in and the land was given to the expanding city of Niagara Falls by the chemical company. ’(http://education. yahoo. com) Niagara then built residential units and a school on the site. As a result, there was ill-health in the community in the years that followed, with ‘unusually high rates of birth defects, miscarriages, cancer, illness, and chromosome damage’ (http://education. yahoo. com). The Love Canal Homeowners association were opposed by Hooker Chemicals and the government because they had ‘no proof’. In 1978, the President of the USA at the time, Jimmy Carter, announced a federal emergency at Love Canal and he relocated 800 families . A superfund law was passed, and in 1995, Hooker Chemicals (now Occidental) were sued and agreed to pay the federal government $129,000,000. http://education. yahoo. com) This story shows how Hooker Chemicals mistreated the land that they bought, and how this brought about grave consequences for the residents in the area. Hooker chemicals believed that they could escape any penalties for what they did, by selling the land back to the government for $1. Consequently they had to pay for the many lives that they devastated due to their carelessness. This demonstrates how economic geography rests upon environmental dimensions of contemporary life. Another way in which environmental dimensions can be thought about when in relation to economic geography is by thinking about the significance of natural resources as part of economic development, and to highlight their continuing importance in the world, national and regional economies. One way in which we can think about natural resources and economic development is the topic of sustainable development. The main way in which we can put rates of resource use into line with the process of sustainable development is through using renewable resources as energy. Most of these esources are natural, and they can all be relatively cheap, as well as being environmentally friendly. There are many types of renewable resources that can be used as energy, such as solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power, biomass, and geothermal energy. Not all of these can be applied to every area of the world, as weather conditions can restrict the use of some of these, for example, wind power would not be very effective if it was to be put in force in an area which has little wind, i. e. Spain. Ireland itself is very suitable for wind farm’s as there is a vast amount of hilly terrain with high speeds of wind in plentiful supply. As for economic dimensions of contemporary life themselves, they have probably had the biggest influence on economic geography. Wall Street, in particular is the single most influential entity to affect the world’s economy. Wall Street, in New York City, is the most powerful stock market in the world. Depending on whether shares in stock’s rise or fall, these can make or break a person’s financial state. For example, this recent recession that we are still trying to overcome is due to the fall in many stock shares in a short space of time. Anybody who had a large amount of shares at that time would have lost a substantial amount of money. Many businesses and firms went bankrupt and a countless amount of jobs were lost. Due to this economic recession, our economic climate, in particular Ireland has been left in complete chaos. Many people have been put under extra financial stress to try and cope with the increase in prices. Also, for many businesses to stay up and running, it has been necessary to cut the pay of many workers, putting additional financial stress on the employees. Many people have been forced to cut down everyday living essentials just to keep going. Also, as a result of the amount of jobs that have been lost, many people have resorted to living from the jobseeker’s allowance (the dole), as there are very few jobs available for people who may be unskilled. The problem with the jobseeker’s allowance is that it is often easier to live off of it rather than to get a small job, which may be all that is available. Unfortunately, in a lot of cases, the salary they receive may be less than what they would get if they were living from the jobseeker’s allowance. As a result, many unemployed people in Ireland at the moment have a disincentive to go back to work. This is having a worse impact on our economy as fewer people are out there working to build Ireland’s economy back up to what it used to be. Thus, at this current time, Ireland is still finding it difficult to overcome this major economic depression that we are still presently in. To conclude the thesis that economic geography not only rests on the economic dimensions of contemporary life, but also the environmental and social dimensions of contemporary life, I will summarise my main points to follow through this argument. To prove that economic geography rests on the social dimensions of contemporary life, I will state that business would not be possible without manual labour, and business deals made by humans. The ways in which our economies work in today’s world would completely fall apart if we left it all to the work of computers alone. In order to demonstrate how the environmental dimensions of contemporary life are constantly rested upon by economic geography, I shall express how important they are, as a part of economic geography. I have previously talked about the story of Love Canal, and renewable resources as sources of energy. These two cases show how one does not need to use a lot of finance to destroy an environment, or in order to preserve an environment. With regards to the economic dimensions of economic geography, one could not be without the other. The economic state of the world was tipped upside down by the change in stock shares in a matter of days. This one thing, even as small as it seems, had a major impact on the economies of the world, and we are all still trying to recover from the recession that shortly followed. These verify that the statement that ‘economic geography increasingly rests upon the social, the environmental as well as the economic dimensions of contemporary life’ is indeed true and that there are many ways in which this can be interpreted, as well as the many ideas that I have discussed above.

Russian History free essay sample

This was due to Peter I (Peter the Great) because of his accomplishments forced the West to take notice of his nation. Peter The Great When Peter I came into power in 1689, he had two basic goals for his country: †¢Modernize his country in the western fashion. †¢Gain warm water ports to access to the west, thus, bringing more trade, recognition, and respect by the other European powers. Dealing with the West Peter set out his plans by sending a grand embassy to the European powers in 1697 to enlist their help against Turkey. He went along too, pretending to be a ships carpenter, and worked in English and Dutch shipyards. He studied everything from anatomy and engraving to European industrial techniques in order to gain as much information as possible. He was determined to give Russia an outlet to the sea, both on the Baltic Sea and Caspian Sea. He brought European shipbuilders to Russia. We will write a custom essay sample on Russian History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then in 1696, with a new fleet, he was able to capture Azov, the chief Turkish fortress on the Sea of Azov. As Captain Peter Alekseevich, he commanded from the Principium – a ship built by his own hand. In 1700, he felt ready to attack Sweden. With Poland and Denmark as allies, he started the Great Northern War, which lasted until 1721. Peter defeated the Swedes and gained an outlet to the Baltic Sea. The Treaty of Nystad (1721) ended the war and gave Russia the prized Swedish provinces on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. Sweden became a second-rate military power, and Poland was reduced in status. As a result of the victory, the Russian Empire was formed on October 22, 1721. On that day Peter was acclaimed Father of the Fatherland, Peter the Great, and emperor of all the Russia’s, by the Russian Senate, in gratitude for victory in the war. Internal Affairs Peter was organizing and modernizing his country internally as well as externally. He was ruthless when he ruled Russia as he was so determined for his country to be recognised. He forced his subjects to conform to his ideas, founded a navy, introduced factories, and organized a modern army. He also created a new Russian capital, St Petersburg. In 1703, Peter began construction a fortress on territory that he had won – which became the new capital city of St Petersburg – and moved his imperial court there in 1712. In order to populate St Petersburg, Peter forced all upper-class Russians to move there. One problem was that the country had no proper means of transportation. What roads there were only ran east to west, and even then, they were difficult to traverse, especially during the Russian winter. Peter westernized his subjects by using taxation and implementing new laws. Some examples are: †¢He put a high tax on beards and Oriental dress to force the people to adopt Western dress. †¢He modernized the calendar, simplified the alphabet, unified the currency, and introduced universal taxation

Pablo Escobar essays

Pablo Escobar essays Pablo Escobar was a man of power and riches during his time in history. Escobar was listed as the seventh richest man in the world in 1989. Coming from Medellin, the second largest city in Colombia, Escobar started off as a small time gangster and a car thief. His small time crimes would never amount to what he was going to become. In the late 1970s Escobar and his cartel became one of the most powerful organized crime organizations. The cartel consolidated the cocaine industry controlling as much as 80 percent of cocaine worldwide. Escobar, a heavy pot-smoker cultivated a relaxed, informal life style with his friends and associates. Escobar was not as friendly to his enemies he was vicious and feared by everyone. For example when one of Escobars bombs brought down an Avianca Airliner in Colombia in November 1989, Killing 107 people, he become one of the most feared terrorists in the world. He was considered the brains of the cartel and had a stand up reputation with the people of Medellin. He built many things for the community such as a hospital, housing for the poor and other types of charity. Which lead to being elected as an alternate to Colombia Congress in 1983, Escobar enjoyed widespread popularity among the poor in Colombia, especially in his home state of Antioquia. Some called Escobar the Robin Hood-type criminal among Colombias poor. At the height of his power in the late 1980s, he was in control of the multibillion- dollar export of Colombian cocaine to the United States. He was at that time the most notorious drug trafficker in the world running his cocaine business surrounded and protected by the Colombian army. Estimates were made that 70 to 80 tons of cocaine were being shipped from Colombia to the United States every single month, and Escobar and his cartel controlled the bulk of it. This soon turned violent in 1984, when Colombia began cracking down on the cocai...

23 Uplifting Things to Do on Thanksgiving Day You Must Try This Year

23 Uplifting Things to Do on Thanksgiving Day You Must Try This Year Thanksgiving is one of the most bright and cheerful holidays of the year, a day to spend with your family and friends and get together for a tasty meal and peaceful evening. Here are some things to do on the Thanksgiving day to make it memorable and fun. Celebrating With Your Family For many families, Thanksgiving weekend is a chance to enjoy rare meetings and festive mood. 1. Cook a dinner. Cooking a dinner with your family is a touchy and precious moment for you and your family to remember. Its also a great way to show your gratitude and lend a helping hand to the hostess. 2. Watch Thanksgiving Day Parade. Parades are held in many cities and watching them on TV or in real life makes this day really special and festive. 3. Play sports. There are multiple health benefits of spending time with your relatives outdoors. Sports activities are useful in particular considering a full course dinner ahead. Tennis, basketball or frisbee are great activities for big families. 4. Watch an old movie. Thanksgiving is a great opportunity to sit altogether by the TV. Your family may choose a movie to watch annually and make it a good family tradition. 5. Look through family photos. Make this holiday a little bit nostalgic: your elder family members will enjoy that. Some of your family members could even start asking you awkward questions about your life in college. 6. Decorate the table. Dont forget about fancy napkins and candles! Beautiful decorations will set up the mood for tasty dinner. 7. Take a trip to the countryside. Living in a big city might be stressful so spending a weekend in the countryside is a relaxing and healing way to celebrate. 8. Make a wish by breaking wishbone. While carving a turkey take out a wishbone and let it dry. After the dinner, two family members pull at it and the winner makes a wish. 9. Participate in Turkey trot race. Burn up some calories before the big dinner and also raise some money for low-income families. Celebrating With Your Friends Friendsgiving Being away from home doesnt mean that Thanksgiving is canceled. Make it into Friendsgiving which tends to gain popularity through last years. Even with poor cooking skills, you can still throw an amazing party and even set up a new tradition among your friends. 1. Play video and board games. Entertainment is an important part of the holiday. So dont forget to prepare the list of games you and your friends will enjoy. Apples to Apples, Jenga, Clue are not taking too much time to play as Monopoly so are a better choice for a fun evening. 2. Watch annual football game. If you and your friends enjoy sports, its a good idea to watch a sports channel together and cheer for your favorite team. 3. Watch the best episodes of favorite sitcoms. Share the episodes you enjoy the most with your friends. Holiday-themed episodes will fit the most. 4. Set up a picnic. If the weather is fine and you dont want to stay inside, go ahead and pack for a picnic in the nearest park or wood. Fresh air and the beauty of fall weather are great for active games and sincere conversations. 5. Ride bikes in a park. Fast and active ride in a park can easily burn off calories you’ve consumed this holiday weekend and also set up a good mood for the rest of the day. 6. Pajamas party. Its more untraditional way to celebrate Thanksgiving but definitely a fun one. Cozy pajamas, chilling music and tasty snacks among holiday lights will create a relaxed holiday mood. Sounds nice, doesnt it? However, there are even more party ideas for students to celebrate Thanksgiving Day. 7. Play football. Team active sports are great before big festive meals. Football is a traditional game for this holiday and it is fun to watch for those, who choose not to participate. Celebrating on Your Own Dont be depressed if you are celebrating this day without guests. Make it a real holiday for yourself and do what makes you happy. 1. Take a good nap. Thanksgiving weekend is a wonderful time to shake off stress from studying and working the whole year. So take a time to relax and get a good rest. 2. Take popcorn and watch a favorite movie. Is it Scream or Batman? Grab a big bowl of popcorn and turn on your favorite movie or sitcom. 3. Take a long walk or ride. Sometimes you really need to fresh up your thoughts and walking in the fresh air is a way to do it. And its a great cardio exercise. 4. Prepare for Black Friday. If you are about to go shopping on a Black Friday, make a list of things to buy and shops to visit the next day. This will help you to concentrate on things you really need and not to be distracted on sales. 5. Volunteer. Your local churches or homeless shelters may need some help, especially at this time of the year. You can help with cooking and serving a meal or donate redundant clothes to charity. By the way, did you know how many benefits you get from volunteering? 6. Make a thankful list. This is more than just a good tradition but the way to concentrate on aspects of the past and stay positive for the future. So go ahead and make a list of things that have brought you happiness this year and what you are thankful for. 7. Watch Thanksgiving documentary. There are plenty of amazing historical movies about pilgrims and origin of Thanksgiving Day which you will find interesting. Enjoy your Thanksgiving and don’t forget to give your thanks!

Classroom Practice for Children with Asperger Syndrome in a Mainstream Essay

Classroom Practice for Children with Asperger Syndrome in a Mainstream School - Essay Example As the paper outlines the strategies would include; â€Å"carefully structuring the seating arrangement, providing a safe haven, preparing for changes in routine, using available resources and making needed accommodations† among other things. Seating Arrangement and Group Work: the reporter will avoid seating Terry close to bullies and aggressive students, but seat her next to her peer buddies. However, this would be based on the analysis of where the Terry works most effectively. He will ensure that he avoid self selection when assigning student groups and teach students the importance of working as a team. This study stresses that Terry being an Asperger Syndrome patient gets overwhelmed by crowds and social interaction thereby resulting in stress and anxiety. Instead of removing Terry from difficult academic tasks and the playground activities, the reporter might consider offering an â€Å"alternative to attending these events†. This can be achieved by ensuring that Terry has a trusted contact person with whom she feels comfortable. He will give Tarry access to quiet and private places where she can have her free time, rest and refresh away from the hustles of trying to fit into social groups. As a classroom teacher, he would also consider giving Terry additional time to complete difficult class assignments and offer her extra tuition time to attain her academic potential. Peer Interactions: As a class room teacher would create ways to connect Terry with empathic peers so as to promote social acceptance and friendships in her life.  

My Position On A Healthcare Or Social Issue Essay

My Position On A Healthcare Or Social Issue - Essay Example ld be afforded quality healthcare is the main concern and how to go about it when most of these individuals are employed secretively without contributions to major healthcare services. From a personal view, I believe illegal immigrants should be granted the same quality healthcare provisions as the American citizen regardless of their financial or career status. There are many risks associated with hospitals and clinical environments when dealing with illegal immigrants, as many diverse demographics of immigrants do not have access to the same variety of healthcare providers as those who contribute weekly to such programs through their place of employment. The risks include non-payment after services have been rendered or simply having this group exploit the system through fraudulent activities. Even though there are failsafes to prevent this, in areas of the country where there are concentrated populations of immigrants, this becomes a significant concern especially for the self-practicing physician networks that rely on timely revenues from patients. Illegal immigrants, especially certain ethnic groups, have large family networks either domestically-born or travelling as a group into the country without governmental support. Poor wages and lack of access to quality healthcare providers, such as Health Alliance Plan or Blue Care Network, bring into question whether or not these large family groups will be pursuing medical treatment on an ongoing basis as part of preventative care services. There is already over-crowding in certain clinical environments which puts tremendous strain on physicians and patients alike, thus these immigrants pose risks to the general community population. However, the reason I feel so strongly about the importance of providing healthcare to this group, regardless of their socio-economic backgrounds, is due to my personal beliefs on the ethical value of human beings. The American healthcare system is one of the most advanced in the

The Affordable Health Care Act Essay Example for Free

The Affordable Health Care Act Essay The Affordable Health Care Act Introduction            This paper puts into a critical and analytical focus the diversity and benefits of the Obama care. It seeks to answer fundamental questions about the advantages and necessity for the act. The affordable healthcare act mirrored with both merits and demerits deciphers its complex nature. The bill signed into law on twenty-third of March 2010 to make critical reforms in the health sector. The health care provision has attracted much of sharp reactions especially from the wealthy society protesting hefty taxes.            The goal of the Obama care is to give access to all Americans quality and affordable health care. This plan focuses on the reduction of growth in health care spending. A significant percentage of the benefits will accrue to the low and middle-income families and citizens. It achieves this through consumer protection, subsidies, taxes, regulation and insurance exchanges. Fundamentally, the Obama care provision is not a replacement to Medicare, private insurance or Medicaid (Wilensky, 2012). The primary focus of the health care facility is regulation of health insurance and practices that affect the sector.            Nevertheless, the contrasting fact is that the Obama care posse’s a lot more significant bunch of questions. Is there a need for health insurance for the richest country in the world? Is it the best the government can offer for the needs of Americans? However, the complexity of the answer to these questions is not a fragment of a sentence. Therefore, before the induction of such a debate some ground rules are principal (Mulligan, 2014). First is an agreement of the fact that the government cannot have an individual approach to protecting the desires of every citizen. Secondly is that the health cover such as the Obama care primary target, is the vulnerable middle class and poor society.            The wealthy society though consistently and constantly complaining about the plan also will benefit from the program. An optimistic look at the system ensures the acknowledgement of certain advantages. The policy prevents against gender-based discrimination, unjustifiably high insurance rates. Significant benefits worth discussion with regard to the annual limits imposed by insurance firms, as well as the right to rapid appeal of the insurance company decisions. This benefits cut across the divide from the middle class to the wealthiest in the society.            The health care industry has seen to the growth in wealth and stature of many fraudulent characters. This includes one who prescribes very expensive drugs even though the cheaper ones can work just for profits (Tate, 2012). The doctor who insistent on surgery whiles a consistent observation of the patient will ensure recovery. A doctor is busy ensuring the readmission of patients who he can monitor at home. Some companies sell machinery at extraordinary hiked prices just for profits. These cases among others ascertain an advantage of the rich over the employed middle class and the poor.            This trend in the health sector increases the cost of living since most Americans are profoundly concerned about their health. A critical look at the developed world countries alienates the United States in health insurance policies. Most of the developed world has a medical insurance policy. In contrast, one of the most riches of them argues about, politicizing the fact that it is a necessity. Fact remains that the multinational companies and big business have created their wealth through the citizens. Most of them are taking advantage of the smaller businesses or the society’s lack of knowledge. Through the articulation of the health care, the businesses get to give back to the society. This may deem improper by many who are in this class, but to some extent, it is a kind gesture.            However, the consideration of certain healthcare statistics is important. A significant 30.1 million people purchase private insurance. Many of them have had their plans cancelled by the company since it does meet the ten essential health thresholds. The cost of replacement of such is very high due to services such as maternity that they may not need. A significant 4 million people could lose their company sponsored health care plan (Wilensky, 2012). This is because many companies will prefer paying the fines and allow their employees to buy their plans. Conclusion            There is a genuine sense in negative approaches to affordable health care. Nevertheless, framework solutions created specifically will solve these issues. A trivial approach to the impediments may have worse negative repercussion to the minority in the society. This will result to the upwelling of negative economic growth. The return of the United States to the set-up of insurance policies existent before will not solve problems in the health sector. Rather a degradation and increase in fraud in the health care section will form complete dominance. The health care program will be successful if approached with a positive mindset and inclusion of all individuals with equality. References Mulligan, C. B. (2014, September 8). The Myth of ObamaCares Affordability. The Wall Street Journal . Tate, N. (2012). ObamaCare Survival Guide . West Palm Beach: Humanix Books. Wilensky, G. R. (2012). The Shortfalls of Obamacare. The New England Journal of Medicine , 1479-1481. Source document

The Defining Moments of My Life Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay abo

All of us can probably point to one or two defining moments in our life. Mine came when I was running across a rooftop with a gun pointed at my back. Something inside me snapped and I just knew I didn't want this to be my life. I stopped running. I grew up on the streets of the city. Each neighborhood has its culture and so did mine. Ours included playing skellie with your friends while your older brother is twenty feet away on the street corner selling crack or weed, or heroin. Do you know what hustling is in the ghetto? It's simply the American Dream for us. You see we're not so different. We all want the same things. Everyone wants respect. Everyone wants a home for their family. Everyone wants to prove themselves; it's just that in New York's poor neighborhoods the only thing young people see that can get them ahead is hustling. As a young boy I watched my older brother and his friends climb the ladder of ghetto success. First we saw them deal weed. Then we saw them move up to crack. We saw people treat them with respect. We saw their expensive clothes and hot cars. We saw them give people money when they needed it to survive. They were our heroes. This was our definition of a hero, and if you heard something else in school, it didn't matter. It mattered what you saw. What you experienced. I started hustling at 16 and I started getting into trouble. It was around this time that I met Rob Geis from... ...e street culture. Antwone left five children. James left two. Seven children that I want to be a role model for. Seven children that represent tens of thousands more that need to see that there is life outside of this neighborhood prison. An alienated person is a dangerous person. If they don't destroy themselves, they will destroy others. We have to stop the isolation that overwhelms young men and women, particularly young African-American boys and girls, in our worst neighborhoods, I ask you, the next time you find yourself in a bad area and you see a kid hanging out, maybe he's wearing a du-rag and baggy pants, please don't just be afraid for yourself, be afraid for him too. His chances are not good. The Defining Moments of My Life Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay abo All of us can probably point to one or two defining moments in our life. Mine came when I was running across a rooftop with a gun pointed at my back. Something inside me snapped and I just knew I didn't want this to be my life. I stopped running. I grew up on the streets of the city. Each neighborhood has its culture and so did mine. Ours included playing skellie with your friends while your older brother is twenty feet away on the street corner selling crack or weed, or heroin. Do you know what hustling is in the ghetto? It's simply the American Dream for us. You see we're not so different. We all want the same things. Everyone wants respect. Everyone wants a home for their family. Everyone wants to prove themselves; it's just that in New York's poor neighborhoods the only thing young people see that can get them ahead is hustling. As a young boy I watched my older brother and his friends climb the ladder of ghetto success. First we saw them deal weed. Then we saw them move up to crack. We saw people treat them with respect. We saw their expensive clothes and hot cars. We saw them give people money when they needed it to survive. They were our heroes. This was our definition of a hero, and if you heard something else in school, it didn't matter. It mattered what you saw. What you experienced. I started hustling at 16 and I started getting into trouble. It was around this time that I met Rob Geis from... ...e street culture. Antwone left five children. James left two. Seven children that I want to be a role model for. Seven children that represent tens of thousands more that need to see that there is life outside of this neighborhood prison. An alienated person is a dangerous person. If they don't destroy themselves, they will destroy others. We have to stop the isolation that overwhelms young men and women, particularly young African-American boys and girls, in our worst neighborhoods, I ask you, the next time you find yourself in a bad area and you see a kid hanging out, maybe he's wearing a du-rag and baggy pants, please don't just be afraid for yourself, be afraid for him too. His chances are not good.

Arranged Marriage Is Not Relevant in Today’s Society

ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY In an arranged marriage, the choice of a husband or wife is done by parents or the elderly. What do you think of this practice in today’s society? Discuss. Write in no more than 350 words. In an arranged marriage, the choice of a husband or wife is done by parents or the elderly. In this era of science and technology, people doesn’t depends on their families or the elderly anymore. They trust that true love come naturally in their life’s. Arranged marriage is not relevant in today’s society because of several reasons.Firstly, the reason why arranged marriage is done by young adults because of technology in today’s society after merdeka. In new modern, people always with internet , hand phone and television. Nowadays, the internet plays a crucial part in our lives. It is one of the most useful inventions of all time. For example, Facebook, Yahoo Messenger, Twitter and Skype invite us to know people each other from others country c ompare to the past generations which do know about technology. Thus, the technology plays a major rule in our life’s today.Besides that, educated is one of the reasons why arranged marriage is not relevant in today’s society. This is because, people in this generations have a lot of opportunity to continues their study until university or overseas. They will choose their partner in life which have a good career and high wages. In the past generations, the women of that time have no chance to further their study and have a good life. Therefore, it is undeniable that educated is the reason why arranged marriage is not relevant in today’s society. Apart from that, people like to travel at other country with family or friends to get a new experiences there.For example, people which travel at overseas maybe will like their culture and meets new people from other country. From knowing each other, they might have a relationship with the person they like. The ancients d oesn’t have an opportunity to travel because they are lack of money and facilities. Because of that, they just depends on recommendations of their parents to arranged their marriage. In a nutshell, arranged marriage is not relevant in today’s society because of several reasons. In order to gain those benefits, we need to have that advantages.

Life of Isaac Deutscher Essay

Trotskyism is a theory by a German, Leon Trotsky who was a Bolshevik-Leninist and also a Marxist. Trotsky politics do not advocate for socialism but rather proletarian revolution in a country, proletarian revolution is a revolution whereby the working class work together to overthrow bourgeois. Trotsky’s followers are known as Trotskyist or Trot. The play Trotsky’s bar mitzvah is a ten minute play that was produced in Louisville KY. The drama explores the life of a Jew in the twentieth century. The play is somewhat based on the life of Isaac Deutscher. Isaac Deutscher was born in Chrzanow in Poland into a family of religious Jews, he studied the torah and the Talmud but by the time of his bar mitzvah he had lost his faith. After testing God by eating forbidden food at the grave of a holy person and witnessing that nothing happened, he became an atheist. The play examines the life of Isaac Deutscher and the challenges he went through that eventually led him to loose his religion. Since the play is set in modern times, the viewer is able to relate to the life of the main character in the play and understand the life of a modern ay Jew. The charm in this play is irresistible, Max Apples is willing to experiment and try almost anything. He welcomes new ideas and his language is versatile. In the play he captures the audience by recreating history afresh and using an approach that the viewer is able to relate to. The author of the play, Max Apple has been compared favorably with other prominent writers such as John Barth, Philip Roth, and Woody Allen. Although his work has received critical acclaim and enjoys considerable popularity, some commentators think Max’s work in literature may have limited relevancy due to Max Apple’s heavy usage of cultural references, he makes use of plenty of his Jewish traditions in which some non Jewish readers find hard to relate to. However, it has been posited by some scholars that Apple’s audience is increasingly a younger generation, the younger generation is more sympathetic to his flashy postmodern technique in literature and for whom the written language of the play is less meaningful than apples pictograph which is flashy. The author has borrowed real-life figures for use in his fiction for purely utilitarian and pragmatic purposes: the author assumes that his readers know some things and hence commences his work from there. He has stated that he tries to write very quickly and economically so that anything that saves him from descriptions and unnecessary words is always helpful to him. That explains why the play ‘Trotsky’s bar mitzvah’ is rather short. The playwright does not use long descriptive sentences. The play is given serious themes by the author, examples of these serious themes include: death, love, health, money. The use of humor is widely employed in his work; the author uses comic relief as he examines the variety of human attributes. To the author, allusions, ironies, and levels of meaning make writing rather tiresome and instead he prefers the use of symbols, acronyms, images, real names, datelines, and the kind of catchy and absurd headlines often found in tabloids to give his writing an edge that it has over other types of literary works. The author is indeed charming in script as well as in character as depicted in the play, he is more interested in exploring new forms of writing, Max Apples has a refreshing and an uncommon way of telling a story. In conclusion it is clear to say that that play ‘Trotsky’s bar mitzvah’ is wide known for its characteristics in comedy, intelligence, and witty inventiveness. Although it has a cultural bias that tends to discriminate non Jews or people who have no knowledge of Jewish traditions, it is safe to say that it is indeed a fascinating piece of work. REFERENCES 1. http://actorstheater. com 2. Jerome Beaty, J. Paul hunter: new worlds of literature. 3. http://seanhart. com/barmitzvah 4. http://the nation. com/doc/200503/aronson

Enthalpy change of neutralisation Essays

Enthalpy change of neutralisation Essays Enthalpy change of neutralisation Essay Enthalpy change of neutralisation Essay I familiarised myself with the Material Safety Data Sheets of toxic substances. PLANNING (A) Enthalpy (H)1 The sum of the internal energy of the system plus the product of the pressure of the gas in the system and its volume: Esys is the amount of internal energy, while P and V are respectively pressure and volume of the system. To measure the enthalpy we have to first figure out the mass of a substance under a constant pressure and determine the internal energy of the system. The enthalpy change (H)2 is the amount of heat released or absorbed when a chemical reaction occurs at constant pressure. The standard enthalpy change of neutralization3 is the change in enthalpy that occurs when an acid and base undergo a neutralization reaction to form one mole of water under standard conditions (298k and 1atm), i.e. react to produce water and a salt. It is a special case of the standard enthalpy change of reaction. HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Na+ + Cl- + H2O H+ + OH-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ H2O Heat energy = ms?T. The amount of reat required will depend on how much of the substance there is to heat, what is it made of and the amount by which the temperature is increased. Hypothesis: If the temperature of a given substance is known, we may calculate the enthalpy of this substance. Prediction: The results of this experiment will probably be similar for sets of different acids and hydroxides. Different concentrations of the same acid will not influence the enthalpy of neutralisation. Assumptions: The density of acids is equal to the density of water and amounts to 1.00 g cm-3 Key variables: m mass of a substance in grams s specific heat capacity in J g-1 K-1 ?T the amount by which the temperature is increased in K PLANNING (B) Requirements: 1 burette (25 ml) 2 beakers 3 calibrated flasks (500 ml) 1 plastic bottle (1500 ml) phenolphthalein Procedure: We were provided with 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid (HCl), 2 mol dm-3 nitric acid (HNO3), 2 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide (KOH), 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 4 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide (NaOH). 1. We measured 30 cm3 of approximately of 2 mol dm-3 nitric acid into the beaker. 2. We took the temperature of the nitric acid and recorded it in table 1. 3. We measured 30 cm3 of approximately of 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide into the beaker. 4. We took the temperature of the sodium hydroxide and recorded it in table 1. 5. Subsequently we added the NaOH to the HNO3 and stirred the mixture carefully with the thermometer. 6. While mixing we recorded the maximum temperature of the solution. 7. We repeated it 5 times with different sets of acids and hydroxides. a) hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide b) hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide c) nitric acid and potassium hydroxide d) nitric acid and sodium hydroxide e) hydrochloric acid and 4 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide DATA COLLECTION a) HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Na+ + Cl- + H2O H+ + OH-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ H2O Amount of hydrochloric acid 30 cm3 Temperature of hydrochloric acid 20.0 oC Amount of sodium hydroxide 30 cm3 Temperature of sodium hydroxide 20.0 oC Amount of the mixture 60 cm3 Temperature of the mixture 31.0 oC Table 1. b) HCl (aq) + KOH (aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ KCl (aq) + H2O (l) Amount of hydrochloric acid 30 cm3 Temperature of hydrochloric acid 21.0 oC Amount of potassium hydroxide 30 cm3 Temperature of potassium hydroxide 20.0 oC Amount of the mixture 60 cm3 Temperature of the mixture 32.0 oC Table 2. c) HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) Amount of nitric acid 30 cm3 Temperature of nitric acid 23.0 oC Amount of potassium hydroxide 30 cm3 Temperature of potassium hydroxide 20.5 oC Amount of the mixture 60 cm3 Temperature of the mixture 33.0 oC Table 3. d) HNO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) Amount of nitric acid 30 cm3 Temperature of nitric acid 24.5 oC Amount of sodium hydroxide 30 cm3 Temperature of sodium hydroxide 21.0 oC Amount of the mixture 60 cm3 Temperature of the mixture 33.0 oC Table 4. e) HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) Amount of hydrochloric acid 30 cm3 Temperature of hydrochloric acid 20.5 oC Amount of 4 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide 30 cm3 Temperature of 4 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide 22.5 oC Amount of the mixture 60 cm3 Temperature of the mixture 33.0 oC Table 5. DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION Heat required = ms?T m =d V n = c V ?T = Tmix (T1 + T2) ?H = heat required * 1/n s = 4.18 J g-1 K-1 The amount of heat required to heat the water can be calculated as follows (we assume that the heat energy required to change the temperature of the other substances present may be ignored): a) HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) V = 60 cm3 d = 1.00 g cm-3 m = d V = 60 cm3 * 1.00 g cm-3 = 60 g ?T = Tmix 1/2(T1 + T2) = 31.0 oC 20.0 oC = 11.0 oC heat required = ms?T = 60.0 g * 4.18 J g-1 K-1 * 11.0 oC = 2758 J = 2.758 kJ nHCl = c V = 2 mol dm-3 * 0.3 dm-3 = 0.06 moles nNaOH = c V = 2 mol dm-3 * 0.3 dm-3 = 0.06 moles ?H = heat required * 1/n = 2.758 kJ * 1/0.06 moles = 45.97 kJ mol-1 ?H = 45.97 kJ mol-1 b) HCl (aq) + KOH (aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ KCl (aq) + H2O (l) V = 60 cm3 d = 1.00 g cm-3 m = d V = 60 cm3 * 1.00 g cm-3 = 60 g ?T = Tmix 1/2(T1 + T2) = 32.0 oC 20.5 oC = 10.5 oC heat required = ms?T = 60.0 g * 4.18 J g-1 K-1 * 10.5 oC = 2633.40 J = 2.633 kJ nHCl = c V = 2 mol dm-3 * 0.3 dm-3 = 0.06 moles nKOH = c V = 2 mol dm-3 * 0.3 dm-3 = 0.06 moles ?H = heat required * 1/n = 2.633 kJ * 1/0.06 moles = 43.88 kJ mol-1 ?H = 43.88 kJ mol-1 c) HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) V = 60 cm3 d = 1.00 g cm-3 m = d V = 60 cm3 * 1.00 g cm-3 = 60 g ?T = Tmix 1/2(T1 + T2) = 33.0 oC 21.75 oC = 11.25 oC heat required = ms?T = 60.0 g * 4.18 J g-1 K-1 * 11.25 oC = 2821.50 J = 2.822 kJ nHCl = c V = 2 mol dm-3 * 0.3 dm-3 = 0.06 moles nKOH = c V = 2 mol dm-3 * 0.3 dm-3 = 0.06 moles ?H = heat required * 1/n = 2.822 kJ * 1/0.06 moles = 47.03 kJ mol-1 ?H = 47.03 kJ mol-1 d) HNO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) V = 60 cm3 d = 1.00 g cm-3 m = d V = 60 cm3 * 1.00 g cm-3 = 60 g ?T = Tmix 1/2(T1 + T2) = 33.0 oC 22.75 oC = 10.25 oC heat required = ms?T = 60.0 g * 4.18 J g-1 K-1 * 10.25 oC = 2570.70 J = 2.571 kJ nHCl = c V = 2 mol dm-3 * 0.3 dm-3 = 0.06 moles nKOH = c V = 2 mol dm-3 * 0.3 dm-3 = 0.06 moles ?H = heat required * 1/n = 2.751 kJ * 1/0.06 moles = 45.85 kJ mol-1 ?H = 45.85 kJ mol-1 e) HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) V = 60 cm3 d = 1.00 g cm-3 m = d V = 60 cm3 * 1.00 g cm-3 = 60 g ?T = Tmix 1/2(T1 + T2) = 33.0 oC 21.5 oC = 11.5 oC heat required = ms?T = 60.0 g * 4.18 J g-1 K-1 * 11.5 oC = 2884.20 J = 2.884 kJ nHCl = c V = 2 mol dm-3 * 0.3 dm-3 = 0.06 moles nKOH = c V = 2 mol dm-3 * 0.3 dm-3 = 0.06 moles ?H = heat required * 1/n = 2.884 kJ * 1/0.06 moles = 48.07 kJ mol-1 ?H = 48.07 kJ mol-1 CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION As we can see from the results above, the prediction made at the very beginning of this lab was correct. Neither type of acid or base nor the concentration of acid does not have influence on the enthalpy of neutralisation. Hence we may assume that the enthalpy of neutralisation is equal to the enthalpy change for H+ + OH-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ H2O. The enthalpy change for this reaction, however, is -57.9 kJ mol-1. The differences between my results and the theoretical value may come from the fact that the measurements were not very accurate. The temperatures of the acids, bases and mixtures might have been influenced by cool beakers. Therefore the temperatures were a bit lower than they should have been. If the ?T was higher by 3oC, the enthalpy of neutralisation would be almost the same as in the sources. I do not know how to improve the experiment so that data gathered will be similar to theoretical values. I reckon in classroom conditions such mistake is not a serious one.

Días feriados federales y estatales en EE.UU. en 2019

Dà ­as feriados federales y estatales en EE.UU. en 2019 En Estados Unidos hay 10 dà ­as feriados federales, es decir, aplican en todo el paà ­s y tambià ©n en los territorios como, por ejemplo, Puerto Rico. En los feriados federales por ley tienen dà ­a libre y se les paga a todos los trabajadores no esenciales del gobierno federal. Tambià ©n cierran bancos y escuelas. Sin embargo, las empresas privadas no estn obligadas a brindar el dà ­a libre a sus empleados pero lo habitual es que sà ­ lo hagan y, adems, les paguen el salario del dà ­a feriado como si lo hubieran trabajado, si bien hay importantes excepciones como, por ejemplo, el caso de comercios o restaurantes. Dà ­as feriados federales en Estados Unidos en 2019 1 de enero, lunes, Aà ±o Nuevo21 de enero, lunes, Dà ­a de Martin Luther King18 de febrero, lunes, Dà ­a del Presidente27 de mayo, lunes, Dà ­a de la Recordacià ³n4 de julio, jueves, Dà ­a de la Independencia2 de septiembre, lunes, Dà ­a del Trabajo14 de octubre, lunes, Dà ­a de Cristà ³bal Colà ³n11 de noviembre, lunes, Dà ­a de los Veteranos28 de noviembre, jueves, Accià ³n de Gracias.25 de diciembre, mià ©rcoles, Dà ­a de Navidad El feriado del Dà ­a del Presidente no se celebra en todos los estados y el Dà ­a de los Veteranos no es feriado pà ºblico en Wisconsin. Los dà ­as feriados en EE.UU. como regla general son un lunes, si bien hay excepciones a esta regla. Asà ­, el Dà ­a de Navidad, Aà ±o Nuevo, Independencia o el de Accià ³n de Gracias se celebran el dà ­a de la semana que coincida con el dà ­a del mes de su celebracià ³n. Sin embargo, en esos dà ­as, si el feriado es un dà ­a sbado, el dà ­a libre se adelanta a viernes. Por el contrario, si es un dà ­a domingo, el dà ­a libre se retrasa al lunes siguiente. Dà ­as feriados en los estados en 2019 Los estados pueden establecer dà ­as de observancia pà ºblica de acuerdo a su historia o a sus intereses. Las oficinas estatales cierran y los trabajadores cobran por ese dà ­a, sin embargo, las empresas privadas no estn obligadas a seguir esa norma y deciden segà ºn sus propias reglas. Entre los dà ­as feriados los ms comunes en los estados destacan: El viernes siguiente a Accià ³n de Gracias que, con carcter general, es feriado en los siguientes estados: Arkansas, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Idaho, Kentucky, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, Nuevo Hampshire, Nuevo Mà ©xico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Carolina del Sur, Texas, Washington y Virginia Occidental. El 31 de marzo, Dà ­a de de Cà ©sar Chvez.  Esta conmemoracià ³n es uno de los festivos opcionales y se celebra en Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Michigan, Nuevo Mà ©xico, Texas, Rhode Island, Utah y Wisconsin. El 24 de diciembre, Nochebuena, que es feriado en Carolina del Sur, Dakota del Norte, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia y Wisconsin. El 26 de diciembre, dà ­a siguiente al de Navidad, es feriado en Carolina del Norte, Carolina del Sur, Texas y Virginia. Cabe destacar que Texas es uno de los estados con ms dà ­as feriados. Adems de los federales y de celebrar el Dà ­a de Cà ©sar Chvez, Nochebuena, Dà ­a despuà ©s de Accià ³n de Gracias y de Navidad, son feriados pà ºblicos las siguientes fechas: 19 de enero: Dà ­a de los hà ©roes confederados.2 de marzo: Dà ­a de la Independencia de Texas21 de abril: San Jacinto19 de junio: Dà ­a de la Emancipacià ³n27 de agosto: Dà ­a de Lyndon B. Johnson Dà ­as no feriados pero celebrados en EE.UU. Estos dà ­as reciben gran atencià ³n en los medios de comunicacià ³n y, en muchos casos, las tiendas y las escuelas estn muy involucradas en las celebraciones. Sin embargo, ni las empresas privadas y las oficinas federales y estatales no estn obligadas ni a dar el dà ­a libre a los trabajadores ni a compensarlos econà ³micamente si no trabajan. 2 de febrero, sbado, Dà ­a de la Marmota14 de febrero, jueves, Dà ­a de San Valentà ­n17 de marzo, domingo, San Patricio19 de abril,Viernes Santo21 de abril, domingo, PascuaCinco de mayo, domingo.12 de mayo, domingo, Dà ­a de la madre.16 de mayo, domingo, Dà ­a del padre.31 de octubre, Halloween Dà ­as feriados y compras En Estados Unidos es habitual que los dà ­as feriados coincidan con grandes rebajas. Sin embargo, no debe confundirse con los los dà ­as conocidos como feriados de impuestos y que se celebran en algunos estados y que implica que en determinados dà ­as no se cobran impuestos a las ventas en determinados artà ­culos. Puntos claves: Dà ­as feriados en EE.UU. Nà ºmero de dà ­as feriados federales en EE.UU.: 10. Los estados pueden decidir no observar algà ºn dà ­a en especà ­fico.Dà ­as feriados que no son siempre un dà ­a lunes, sino que se observan en su fecha: Aà ±o Nuevo, Independencia, Veteranos, Navidad. Adems, el Dà ­a de Accià ³n de Gracias es siempre el cuarto jueves del mes de noviembre.Dà ­as feriados ms comunes en los estados: Cà ©sar Chvez (31 de marzo), viernes despuà ©s de Accià ³n de Gracias, Nochebuena y dà ­a despuà ©s de Navidad. Este artà ­culo es informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Social Learning Theory & Teaching Adolescents Research Paper

Social Learning Theory & Teaching Adolescents - Research Paper Example Although young adulthood is expected to end at 24 years, there is no clear event that marks it end (Park and Adam, 2006). At this age, most of the young adults are usually employed and have some source of income to take for their financial requirements. However, the health problems that young adults experience in the US are usually similar in spite of their age, gender and socio economic status. The health problems faced by this group range from mental to physical and psychological. The most threatening health problem that this group faces is mental problem which often leads to suicide. In the US, the suicide rate of young adults aged between 18 and 24 have tripled that of adolescents with the rate of males being six times that of females. These suicide cases have been attributed to health disorders that usually begin at age 24. According to researches, between the age of 18 and 24, over 50 per cent of young adults often experience mental disorder, with alcohol abuse and depression b eing the most common (World Health Organization, 2010). A part from mental disorder, young adults in the US also experience problems in their reproductive health.

CONSUMER PROTECTION (SUPERVISED COURSEWORK) Case Study

CONSUMER PROTECTION (SUPERVISED COURSEWORK) - Case Study Example A repair of the taps, replacement of the discolored bath and delivery of the shower cabinet may be accepted as a remedy. However, if this remedy is not satisfactory, consequent to faulty repair or the failure to deliver the shower cabinet, as per the contractually described one, Mr. Green may still claim a refund. Furthermore, considering that the fault was detected immediately upon delivery and installation, another remedy available to Mr. Green is the request for a reduction in price to compensate for the fault and the non delivery of the shower cabinet. In other words, the available remedies are refund, repair, reduction in price or rescission. Assuming that it is not clear in the question you are given whether it is a Hire Purchase Agreement governed by Debtor-Creditor-Supplier terms, you need to be able to identify it. Use the following as a guide: Mr. Greene purchased the Carlton Suite and this should factor into his decision whether or not to pursue the remedy of terminating the contract. In order to clarify how this particular remedy will be financially costly to the debtor, it is first necessary to point out a number of facts associated with this type of credit agreement. In the first place, as per the credit agreement, Mr. Brown does not legally own the goods and shall not be in ownership of them until he has paid the full sum owed. His contract here is with the finance company and not with Breakspears Bathrooms. In other words, and as per Consumer Credit Act, S.11(1)(a), the bathroom was sold to the financial company by Breakspears and not to Mr. Green. In this instance, Mr. Green took delivery of the suite from the financial company. As such, the bathroom suite is bailed to Mr. Green in return for periodic payments and ownership rights shall only pass to him upon his completion of all payments. Should Mr. Green determine termination to be the remedy that he will pursue, the financial burden of doing so may fall upon him. His termination order will be governed by Consumer Credit Act 1974, Section 99 and Section 100. This is further established by Yeoman Credit v Waragowski. In this matter, even though the court recognised the debtor's right

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Session Hijacking - Essay Example There are two types of attacks in session hijacking namely; the active and passive attack. In active attack, the hacker identifies a session that is active and takes over by force by forcing one member to be inactive (offline). In passive attack, there is hijacking of a session by a hacker who remains inactive and observes information being transmitted from and to the computers. The attack strategy known as the denial of service is used as a common component in these attacks to either crash it or jamming its network connection. In some instances a hybrid method of attack exists which the hacker may either watch an active session for sometime before taking over or the attacker may decide to inactively watch a session for sometime before becoming active and hijacking it (Hope & Walther, 2008). Another form of the hybrid method is where one watches a session and introduces data into the session that is active periodically with no intentions of hijacking the session In perpetrating a session hijack, four methods are used. These are session fixation, session side jacking, and cross-side scripting. In session fixation, the attacker sets the id of the user’s session to another one, which is known to him. For instance, he can send an email to the user containing a link that has an id of a particular session and wait for the user to log in.

High school Essay Example for Free

High school Essay CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 INTRODUCTION In an effort to improve universal access to education, the ministry of education made a decision to introduce the re-entry policy. The policy is meant to accord girls who drop out of school owing to early pregnancy an opportunity to be re-admitted six months to one after delivery. This initiative has since scored a number of successes as some girls have gone back to school and successfully completed their secondary education , though some, order the age initially would have done so, Fifth National Development Plan(2006-2010). Before October 13 1997, it was considered an expellable offence for girls who fell pregnant while at school. But the re-introduction of the re-entry policy on that date was a measure and recognition of the importance of addressing gender inequalities in national development and the need to narrow down the gender gap in the education, Ministry of Education (1996). Child pregnancy has been persistent factors in household and hence, the re-entry policy has enabled government and families to recoup the investment made in educating such girls and that the nation has been accorded the much needed educated human resource for national development. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM There has been a marked increase in the Forum for women educationist of Zambia has endeavored to play in the support and sensitization of the re-entry policy in enhancing girl child education in Zambia. However, despite this increase not all have been able to go back to schools. This is a serious omission particularly when a good number of girls can utilize the given opportunity and when concerted effort has been made to enhance girl child education. In addition, all efforts and resources pumped in will go to waste. 1. 3 THE PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of this study is to find out the role FAWEZA is playing in promoting the reentry policy in enhancing girl child education and to find out the response of the policy by the girl child. 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ To find out the role of FAWEZA in promoting the re-entry policy. To find out whether school managers do comply with the policy. To find out the response of the re-entry policy by pupils. To find out whether the re-entry policy is a success or failure. To find out whether teachers and parents support the policy. To find out measures in improving the re-entry policy. 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ What is the role of FAWEZA in supporting the re-entry policy? Do school managers comply with the policy? What is the response of the re-entry policy by pupils? Is the re-entry policy a success or failure? Do teachers and parents support the re-entry policy? What measures can improve the re-entry policy? 1. 6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study’s findings and recommendations may assist the Forum for Educationist of Zambia FAWEZA and the Ministry of Education in promoting and supporting the re-entry policy in enhancing girl child education in Zambia. 1. 7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Because it was an introduction to research at degree, this research only covered a small part of Lusaka urban district. Secondly, money was a problem to access at the right time hence it delayed the process of collecting data. However, the researcher tried by all means to use the available resources, time to make sure that this is a success. @siamef Page 2 1. 8 DEFINITION OF TERMS ENHANCE; To improves or adds to strength. RE-ENTRY; An act or instance of somebody going back to enter. POLICY; A set of principles on which they are based @siamef Page 3 CHAPTER 2 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Policy Formulation In contrast to the policy of exclusion that preceded it, the re-entry policy advocates that girls who drop out of school due to pregnancy should be readmitted after giving birth. The aim of this policy is to find more innovative measures to help prevent the exclusion of young mothers from education. In the event of a girl being forced out of school due to pregnancy, the Ministry of Education in Zambia has provided policy guidelines to assist schools and other stakeholders such as FAWEZA etc. †When the women’s movement in Zambia grew in strength, one of the issues they decided to fight for was injustice for girls who were thrown out of school after getting pregnant. In June 1995, the Zambia Association for University Women organized a conference on the situation of the girl-child in Zambia. The conference, which was held in preparation for the Fourth World Conference on Women, proposed to government that girls who became pregnant should be re-admitted into school once care for the child was assured† (FAWEZA, 2008, Ministry of Education, 2009). The policy is grounded in the outcomes of the Beijing Conference of 1995, a conference at which the Women’s Movement drew up its own priorities and action plan. The conference demanded that girls who dropped out of school because of pregnancy should be readmitted. In addition to this, Zambia is a signatory to most of the international instruments that promote the rights of children and women. The country recognizes education of all children as a basic human right as enshrined in Article 26 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It further recognizes education as a right that is also guaranteed by the policy of Education for All (EFA), the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the United Nations Platform for Action, and the Millennium Development Goals. In addition to the international instruments, major national policy developments within the education sector were initiated, culminating in the development of the third Ministry of Education (Moe) policy on education in the document â€Å"Educating Our Future† (1996). In 2000, the government adopted a National Gender Policy. The policy states that it will facilitate the readmission of girls who become pregnant back into school as a way of readdressing imbalances and inadequacies in the provision of education. The 2001 FAWEZA @siamef Page 4 workshop made a number of recommendations to improve the implementation of the re-entry policy. The recommendations were sent to the Ministry of Education for approval. Though there was no official acceptance, some of the recommendations were adopted, and that has made the policy work well, (FAWEZA, 2010) 2. 2 Response of the Policy In Zambia, some girls, especially in rural and peri-urban areas, fail to continue with their education as a result of teenage pregnancies. Although the Ministry of Education has a policy of allowing teenage mothers to go back to school after delivery, few are doing so. They find it difficult to leave their babies and stay in school for eight hours and are often ridiculed by others. The men responsible for their pregnancies often abandon them without any form of support. Unlike boys, a girl-child seems to have so much on her shoulders. This is due to cultural inequalities that continue to define societys way of life. Maybe this should be the focus of most of the gender discussion going on. Some girls in rural areas who fall pregnant are normally kept at home to help with domestic chores, or care for terminally ill parents. Others are forced into early marriages and thus denied the opportunity to further their education. Government, through the programme, has been seeking to bring teenage mothers back to school. Educating a girl-child has been a high priority for the Zambian Government, (Zambia Online). In realizing the re-entry policy, FAWEZA (2009) reports that† Interviews with girls also revealed a high level of appreciation for the policy among schoolgirl mothers who had reentered after giving birth. They reported that they were grateful that the policy had given them a second chanceâ€Å" Achievements highlighted by the head teachers and teachers were with regard to the increased number of girls who were readmitted after giving birth each year and the level of awareness of the policy by the parents who sent back their daughters after giving birth. These positive stories are set however against the background of the high number of girls who fall pregnant before finishing school each year. 2. 3 Successes and Failures of the Re-entry Policy Despite the policy being put in place in Zambia, an increasing number of girls do not return to school after giving birth. Social economic and cultural factors have been commonly cited as reasons for this failure. The annual statistics from the Zambia Ministry of Education @siamef Statistical Bulletin shows increased number of pregnancies. In addition, data from the Zambia Page 5 Demographic Health Survey (CSO, 2007) reveals that each year approximately 30% of the girls who drop out from school, do so because of pregnancy. The main reason stated for dropouts is the lack of financial support. The survey reveals that generally girls from disproportionately poor backgrounds drop out of school due to pregnancy compared to those from better off households. The survey shows a link between poverty and early adolescent pregnancy, which consequently leads them to be temporarily excluded from school. Zambia has seen a tremendous increase in access to education with pupil’s enrolments growing Over 9% since 2000. Further, the illiteracy rate in Zambia has been halved over the past three Decades from 90% to 45%. In addition, in the past two decades, Zambia has vigorously embarked on formulating interventions to eliminate gender based discrimination against girls and women as a strategy towards creating more equal societies, FAWEZA ANNUAL WORK PLAN (2012). Despite this achievement, many challenges remain in education delivery in Zambia. There is a huge gap in reaching the millennium development goals (MDG) and Education for All (EFA) goals by 2015. This particularly is a challenge given the country’s significant population growth and deep poverty. In addition, gender inequality is a long way from being realized. Despite the significant rise in female enrollment at primary school, fewer, female compared to male, enroll in high schools (particularly in rural areas) as many tend to drop out before completing secondary school. According to the FAWE ANNUAL WORK PLAN (2005-2009), â€Å"Despite the challenges in the re-entry policy, the government-civil society interaction and the consultative process in Zambia represent one of the best-practice cases in sub-Saharan Africa. The policy is appreciated by a broad spectrum of people. Internationally, Zambia has been cited as a best example for implementing the policy. Representatives from a number of countries in the region, including Malawi, Botswana and South Africa have come to Zambia to learn about policy implementation. † Interviews with the ministry of education DEBs, the national coordinator from a civil society organization (FAWEZA), head teachers, teachers and pupils indicated a high level of optimism for the ultimate success of the policy. Schools confirmed that the â€Å"re-entry policy is a good policy and indeed a historical watershed to the government of Zambia†. FAWEZA has provided 4,750 scholarships at basic, high school and tertiary levels in ratio of 7:3 girls and boys respectively. With the aim of improving the performance, retention and contribute to progression and pass rates of boys and girls on the scholarship @siamef Page 6. programme, FAWEZA has created and continued supporting 390 Study Groups at upper basic school level and high school levels. FAWEZA will also facilitate the showcasing of the repackaged SMT Tele quiz DVDs in 25 schools aimed at inspiring girls to take up SMT subjects. The activity is intended to help FAWEZA track the impacts of using the media to sensitize communities, girls and women that girls are capable of performing well in SMT subjects as the boys. 2. 4 Compliance of the Policy by School Managers. According to the Strategic Plan close out Report (2005-2009:20) â€Å"The creation of gender responsive school environments is cardinal in fostering access, retention and completion of girls in their education. In consideration of this, FAWEZA conducted training for 40 High School Managers in guidelines for gender responsive school environments and gender analysis and mainstreaming, while 58 female school managers took part in training in public image projection, which included role modeling, public speaking force field analysis and gender budgeting. Further, using the MOE/UNICEF Girl-Friendly school module, provincial executive members and CWA members were oriented for them to orient school managers; Out of 63 school managers invited to the gender mainstreaming training, 54 attended; Various PECs and DECs met the newly appointed PEOs and DEBS to solicit support. † Hence if such interventions are being carried out, various doors will be open to allow the success of the policy. @siamef Page 7 CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 Research Methodology The purpose of this chapter is to show how this study was conducted. It looks at the instruments used. The methodology gives in depth principles used to analyze and collect data in the research. This is a qualitative case study research that makes extensive use of primary and secondary data. 3. 1 Research Design The research design which was used in this study was the descriptive survey. This study was aimed at collecting information from respondents on the role of FAWEZA and the re-entry policy in enhancing girl child education in Zambia. The researcher used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through interviews with the FAWEZA representative, DEBs and administering questionnaires to Head teachers, teachers, Parents and Pupils while secondary was found from the internet, policy documents, statistical bulletins, books and magazines. 3. 2 Description of the sample. The proposed study targeted a sample of fifty (50) respondents. The sample included representatives of FAWEZA, DEBs, Ten (10) parents, five(5) teachers, five(5) guidance and counseling teachers, twenty(23) pupils and five(5)school managers. The sample was drawn from five schools namely Matero Girls High school, Kamwala High school, Olympia Park High school, Kabuionga Girls High school and Libala High school within Lusaka urban District. In this study, purposive sampling was used in which both male and female were used in data collection. 3. 3 Sampling Procedure The study was purposively sampled on the basis of public secondary schools that had girls. The sampling of the schools was also purposive; this was done with the help of head teachers who reported that their schools had student-mothers enrolled or pregnant girls that dropped out of school. Of the several schools in Lusaka urban District; 5 schools were chosen. However, due to the fact that schools closed, the pupils were drawn from those that used to go for studies during holidays. While the head teachers of the five schools confirmed having had schoolgirl pregnancy cases in their respective schools. @siamef Page 8 3. 4 Description of Research instruments In the process of data collection, in depth interviews and questionnaires were administered. The use of both instruments formed a complementary approach towards collecting data using qualitative type of research 3. 5 Data Collection In this study, in depth interviews were carried out to the representative of FAWEZA and the DEBs because detailed information was needed. Questionnaires were administered to school managers, parents, teachers and pupils 3. 6 Data Analysis Data analysis commenced after the process of data collection exercise. This included systematic arrangement of data from the field. This study is more qualitative to the perspective of the objectives and hence making qualitative research more reliable. 3. 7 Questionnaires In this instrument,  data was covered over the required sample. The content of the Questionnaires included: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Respondent’s role on the re-entry Policy in enhancing girl child education. Respondent’s compliance on the re-entry policy. Respondent’s support of the re-entry policy Respondent’s view on the measures to improve the re-entry policy. Respondent’s knowledge of the re-entry policy. 3. 8 Interview Guide Semi-structured interview were used as the main research technique in this study. The interviews covered various questions such as; †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The role of FWEZA in the re-entry policy. Measures to improve the re-entry policy. Successes and challenges of the policy. Compliance of the policy by school administrators. Page 9 @siamef CHAPTER 4 4. 0 Findings and Discussions of the study. This section presents research findings based on the data collected from the DEBs; FAWEZA; head teachers; teachers ,parents and students from Matero Girls High School; Olympia Park High School; Kamwala High School; Libala High School; Kabulonga Girls High school in Lusaka urban district of Zambia. The findings are given under full heading derived from the objectives of the study. 4. 1 The role of FAWEZA in the re-entry policy The FAWE representative was interviewed on the role that FAWEZA plays in the re-entry policy by enhancing girl child education in Zambia. The representative confirmed of the major role that FAWEZA has undertaken in the support and implementation of the re-entry policy. In realizing the re-entry policy guidelines, the organization has realized various initiatives to bridge the persistent gender gaps in education. To mitigate the problem, the organization conducts various initiatives. Some of the actions that are being undertaken include: †¢ Advocacy to ensure pregnant girls go back to school after giving birth and they mix freely with other pupils. †¢ Guidance and Counseling services are being offered to girls who fall pregnant in all the schools. †¢ Bursaries are offered to girls, orphans and vulnerable children. FAWEZA has been able to take over the financial responsibility for some of the most vulnerable girls. The support does not cover only the school requirements. A little extra money is given for the girls’ toiletries. Some of the girls who have had children fall into this category and benefit from the support, too. Girls who may have stayed away from school for financial reasons have been able to continue their education. Affirmative action for girls which lowers entry points into higher grades and tertiary have been implemented †¢ Workshops and discussion forums are being held to discuss challenges encountered by implementing the policy and how these can be addressed in order to reduce gender imbalance in the education sector. @siamef Page 10 †¢ Stiffer Rules have been instituted in schools that protect girl children from Gender Based Violence and other abuses. Schools have come up with strategies to help girls avoid pregnancies. One of them was Kabulonga Girls in Need Association. A teacher who saw the need for girls to talk about the problems they faced started the club. He adopted tactics that helped the girls gain selfconfidence. When FAWEZA visited the school, it was impressed by what had been achieved. The school was asked to transform the club into SAFE, an American concept that stands for the Student Alliance for Female Education. SAFE clubs, which are student networks for the promotion of female education, operate under the auspices of FAWEZA. SAFE aims to use peers or mentors to improve the wellbeing of the girl-child. The mentors come from institutions of higher learning such as the University of Zambia and the Evelyn Hone College. Girls who volunteer to become mentors are trained in adolescent reproductive health and counseling. They counsel victims of abuse, STI/HIV/AIDS and other related cases. The mentors help the club members to: ? Take responsibility and make informed choices ? Resist negative pressures ? Build their self -esteem ? Discuss issues affecting them openly and freely ? Avoid risky behavior The Kabulonga SAFE club has become a national model. SAFE clubs have been opened throughout the country. They now admit boys as supporters. This will help the boys and girls to work together and grow to respect each other. The clubs are helping remove the stigma against re-entry girls. Another intervention introduced by FAWEZA is the Communication Box. A locked box stands outside the school. Girls drop suggestions or complaints into the box. Only teachers trained by FAWEZA are allowed to open the boxes. If there are allegations against the school for further action. This has reduced cases of verbal and other abuse by teachers and students alike, FAWEZA REPORT (2004). @siamef Page 11 4. 2 Evaluation whether school managers comply with the policy In response as to whether school managers comply with the policy, respondents who responded to the Questionnaires and interviewed agreed that the Head teachers in their schools complied with the policy. Of the (5) school managers interviewed in the five (5) different schools,(100%) reported that they actually comply with the policy and follow the reentry policy guidelines. This can be attributed in the high increase in the enrollments rates. The Head teachers comply with the policy through the following processes. 4. 2. 1 Readmission of girls who dropped out. The head teachers reported that they have massively been recruiting the young mothers who had actually dropped out of school due to early pregnancies. They said they have been doing so in order to support and comply with the policy guidelines because they were involved in the formulation of the policy at its initial level, Hence they needed to add a hand in the support of the policy. The head teachers added that they do not hesitate to readmit the girls who had dropped out of school due to pregnancy or finance but the girls are supposed to produce the documents granting maternity leave and the medical report confirming pregnancy. 4. 2. 2 Moral support, encouragement and equal treatment. The head teachers reported that they have been offering moral support, encouragement and equal and fair treatment to the teen mothers with the rest of the students through the Guidance and counseling teachers in the schools. From the findings obtained, it was confirmed by the key informants that the head teachers comply with the policy. However, it can be stated that the policy faced much resentment by several figures of the public. According to FAWEZA Report (2009; 14) â€Å"In the first year or two, there were newspaper reports of head teachers who would allow girls back only after intervention by the Ministry of Education. † It can be said that at the early stages of the introduction of the policy, there was much needed sensitization on the benefits of the re-entry policy in enhancing girl child education in Zambia. In one case, during the collection and sampling stage of this research with the District Education Office (DEBs), when asked if he had any cases of pregnant girls or studentmothers in the schools, he stated that he had some â€Å"unofficial cases‘ as they are yet to be @siamef Page 12 reported to his office by the girls‘ parents. Upon further probing on the issue of officialising‘pregnancy cases and why he would not take the initiative to confront such cases, he pointed out that this is due to fear of parents‘reaction to news of their daughter‘s pregnancy. Depending on the prevailing religious and socio-cultural beliefs, parents are more likely to react negatively to news of their daughters‘pregnancy. This view was shared by two other teachers from the schools that took part in this research. 4. 3 Response of the Policy by the pupils Views of the girls who responded to the Questionnaires converged with those of the head teachers, teachers, and the parents. Both categories of girls interviewed stated that the policy was good and it was well responded to although it did not address most of their concerns. When asked what their concerns were, adolescent schoolgirl mothers reported that the policy should have spelt out the need for providing counseling sessions to those who returned. They reported that while at school, they felt stigmatized by their friends and teachers through derogatory remarks such as addressing them by their children’s names: â€Å"Bana Mary (Mother of Mary), aunt Lucy etc† which made them feel out of place. It was the view of the pupils that the Ministry of Education was doing very little to enforce the implementation of the policy and ensure that girls who  returned to school were protected from verbal abuse by the teachers. At least 63% of the girls reported that they faced challenges with regard to combining the two roles of being a mother and a schoolgirl particularly when their children fell sick or needed to be taken to Under 5 clinics. They reported that they absented themselves from school and missed classes whenever they had to take their children to hospital. They further reported that the policy should have put in place mechanisms for following up those who for some reason decided not to return. At the household level, three key factors prominently influence the likely-hood of young mothers returning to formal schooling. These factors are; fathers support over the decision to return to school, the structure of the house-hold, and finally the availability of financial support from either the young mother‘s children partners or the extended family. Evidently, household characteristics and behavior have a strong effect on the re-entry policy; more so parental and community willingness to support school re-entry for the young mothers, most of whom are jurally minors. At another level, how the households interact with other institutions and the external socio-cultural environment that mediates these interactions @siamef Page 13 may affect the chances of schools re-entry. These factors have to be identified and understood by policy makers and programme managers if education for all including student-mothers is to be realized. 4. 4 The re-entry policy a success or failure FAWEZA has been successful in implementing programmes to achieve its objectives. Among them are the programs designed to improve performance, progression and completion rates such as theScholarship program that has seen 2,426 girls and 1287 boys completing the 12 year cycle. Further,a total of 27 students completed tertiary education. Further, the SMT programmes have stimulated the interest of girls in participating in the activities and are performing well. In the quizzes held in SP2005-2009 there were more girls scoping prizes than boys. In program area two, FAWEZAcontinued to sensitize communities on the policies that protect girls’ education. At school level the informants were asked if the policy guidelines were clear enough to provide them guidance for implementation, more than half (60%) of the informants, a majority of whom were teachers and headteachers (4), reported that because the policy was new, they needed to be oriented to it, before being asked to implement it. 4. 5 Do teachers and Parents support the re-entry Policy? In response to the support of the policy, (8) 80% of the parents who responded to the questionnaires were in favor of the policy. Though, (2) 20% of the parents were not fully sure of the re-entry policy guidelines. Of the teachers who were against the policy, (3) 30% were men and (7) 70% were female who reported that they fully in support of the policy. Therefore, only male teachers have remained constant in opposition to the policy. Commenting on this, one girl said the male teachers and the boys who were still against the policy were afraid of facing the mothers of their children every day. A female teacher said men like to dominate. When they see an intelligent girl, they want to curtail her education. They will do all in their power to frustrate her, including making her pregnant. Parents reported that the policy has made both boys and girls reckless. There was a feeling that the re-entry girls were in a vulnerable position because male teachers and schoolboys perceive them as having low morals. They come back with the sole purpose to study and pass their examinations. Therefore, they become better students. There is fear among some groups e. g. the parents and the teachers that the policy has led to increased cases of pregnancy @siamef Page 14  among the school girls. The policy has been looked at as a lee way to immorality because the girls definitely know that they be returned to school. 4. 6 Support of the re-entry policy When informants were asked to state the kind of support they received from the ministry to implement the policy, the DEBs and the school level implementers reported that they had received funds neither to photo-copy the circular for the parents and/or the Parents Teachers Association (PTA) nor to conduct local sensitization meetings on the policy. At the same time, the DEBs stated that the ministry was committed to ensuring that the policy gets fully implemented in all schools. Funds were planned to be set aside to conduct â€Å"massive sensitization meetings† and workshops targeted at school level and members of the public. FAWEZA organization on the other hand reported that they were planning to advocate and lobby members of parliament and some permanent secretaries to ensure that the re-entry policy be included in the Education Bill which was to be tabled in parliament in July 2010. It is evident from this finding that the policy was introduced in schools before it was discussed and enacted in parliament. The finding echoes that of Hoppers (2007) in Uganda in which he described the decision by some policy actors to implement a draft version of the policy before it is submitted to parliament. Similarly, the re-entry policy in Zambia was first declared as a policy by the then minister of education before it was discussed in parliament. 4. 7 What measures can improve the re-entry policy Respondents were asked to give measures to improve the re-entry policy. Their views were critically assessed and analyzed. In order to ensure that re-entry programmes are successful; the following measures were outlined by the respondents in implementing the policy: 4. 7. 1Political Will: The Zambian government did not capitulate, even when there appeared to be more voices against the policy, than those which support it. It maintained that expelling pregnant girls would make gender equality in the education system impossible. Hence, there is need to follow the political will of the nation @siamef Page 15 4. 7. 2 Guidelines: Availability of proper guidelines on how re-entry policy will be conducted is very essential. The guideline development should involve all stakeholders including the teen-mothers. The policy should be geared upon providing an opportunity for these girls to obtain another chance into the education programme and not to perpetuate immoral behavior. 4. 7. 3 Acceptance of Change: There is a need for community to change and accept that this program is for the benefit of the girls and the community at large. In Zambia after seeing the benefits of the program many families have accepted and supported their children. 4. 7. 4 Financial Support Not only to take over the financial responsibility for some of the most vulnerable girls. A little extra money to be given to the girls’ for other needs such as sanitary pads is essential. Some of the girls who have had children fall into this category and can benefit from the support, too. Girls who may have stayed away from school for financial reasons can continue with education. There is great awareness that there is a fear among people that re-entry of young mothers to school might influence others to immoral behavior knowing that they will also be readmitted if they get pregnancies. But studies in the area have shown that there is no concrete evidence which reveal constructive societal returns from expelling pregnant schoolgirls and young mothers from education. However, parents, community and the government at large should provide life skills education for girls and boys to make them aware of effects of pregnancy and should be encouraged to be more responsible for building their future through education achievement 4. 7. 5 Strengthen rules regarding the policy. Regarding the strengthening of the rules, 45 (90%) of the informants reported that there was need to strengthen the rules. In Zambia, the policy guidelines states that once the girl has been given maternity leave, the father should also be suspended from school until the girl returns to school. If the teacher is the one responsible for the pregnancy, it states that the teacher should be disciplined.